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Too good to be true – Page 19

松江棉布

节选自《中国历代科技史(彩图版)》之《清代科技史》2022:

棉纺织业方面,江南苏松地区及河北、山东一带种棉甚广,故棉纺织业也很发达。清代棉纺织品中,江苏松江布知名全国,所出“精线绫、三梭布、漆纱、方巾、剪绒毯,皆为天下第一”。南京盛产紫花布。无锡之布轻细不如松江,但在结实耐用方面则超过之。河北棉纺织品也有名气,甚至可与松江匹敌。

清代的纺织工具也随着纺织业的发展而发展。江苏青浦县(今上海青浦区)金泽谢氏生产的纺车为名牌产品。此类纺车至少在乾隆时即已由谢家生产,“轮著于柄,以绳竹为之,旁夹两板以受柄,底横三板以为鼻,鼻有钩以著锭子。左偏而昂,右平而狭,持其柄摇,则轮旋而纱自缠矣”。锭子也以金泽所产为名牌,故有“金泽锭子谢家车”之民谚。

松江地区在乾隆年间所用弹花弓,长5尺余,弦粗如五股线,以槌击弦,将棉花弹松,“散若雪。轻如烟”。比之明代所用4尺多的竹弓蜡丝弦,弹力更大,从而提高了弹棉效率。此时松江所用纺车还从明代单锭手摇纺车改为多锭脚踏纺车,纺者右手解放,可增加锭数,提高纺纱效率二三倍。上海县(今上海市闵行区)使用此类脚踏纺车,“一手三纱,以足运轮”。相形之下,手摇纺车, 一手转轮,另一手只能拈一纱。