Abstract

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely used solvent and reagent, both in the laboratory and in industry. Its industrial applications range from the synthesis and purification of pharmaceutical products to its use as a cleaning solvent for printed circuit boards. This article reviews the properties, uses, manufacture, handling, and safety of DMF. DMF is currently manufactured by one of two carbonylation processes. In a two-step process, methanol is carbonylated to methyl formate, which then reacts with dimethylamine to give DMF. The other method of commercial significance is the direct carbonylation of dimethylamine to DMF. Uses include pharmaceutical applications, polymer processing and production, extraction and absorption processes, and laboratory synthesis. Although it is generally a safe solvent, it must be handled properly. Its use must take into account its toxicity, reactivity, and tendency to be absorbed through the skin.