Abstract

The chemistry, technology, and applications of dyes and dye intermediates are discussed. Dyes are classified both by chemical structure and usage, and dye nomenclature is explained. The more important dye classes, such as azo dyes, are covered in detail. For example, azo/hydrazone tautomerism, which is of vital importance both theoretically and commercially, is covered. Dye intermediates are discussed in depth. These fall conveniently into aromatic carbocyclic intermediates and aromatic heterocyclic intermediates. The chemistry of these systems is discussed, such as electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution, and the different synthetic strategies for the carbocyclic and heterocyclic intermediates exemplified. The unit processes, such as nitration and sulfonation, are discussed in some detail. Equipment and manufacture of dyes and dye intermediates are dealt with, as are economic aspects. Health and safety aspects, including toxicology and registration of dyes, and environmental factors, such as treatment of dye effluent, are also covered.