Abstract

Electroanalytical techniques may be classified as involving active or passive measurements. Active measurements, such as those obtained in coulometry and voltammetry, result from the application of a voltage or current. Passive measurements, such as those from an ion-selective electrode, are made independently of external waveforms. The various electroanalytical techniques are described, as is the assembly of electrochemical cells for electroanalysis. Electroanalytical cells employ at least two electrodes placed in either aqueous or organic media. Analyte concentrations may be in the picomolar to molar range. Electroanalytical systems may be employed independently or in conjunction with a separation technique such as chromatography.