Abstract

Porcelain enamel is a glassy coating applied to various metal substrates through a high temperature fusion process, usually greater than 425C. Enamel glass formulations are primarily alkali borosilicates. The firing, metal selection and preparation, application processes including electrostatic powder and electrophoretic deposition, and various mechanical, physical, and chemical properties are discussed. Standardized test procedures are listed. Porcelain enamels are used as protective, decorative, and functional coatings on steel, cast iron, aluminum, and other alloys. Products produced using porcelain enamel coatings include domestic appliances such as ranges and dishwasters, hot water tank interiors; industrial devices such as heat exhangers, chemical vessels, cast-iron pipe, and electronic substrates; architectural applications such as interior and exterior panels; and institutional applications such as chalk boards, marker boards, and toilet partitions.