Abstract
Vanadium is widely distributed throughout the earth but in low abundance. Trace amounts of vanadium have been found in meteorites and seawater, and it has been identified in the spectrum of many stars, including the earth’s sun. The occurrence of vanadium in oak and beech trees and some forms of aquatic sea life indicates its biological importance. Physical properties, chemical properties, manufacture, fabrication, economic aspects, health and safety factors, and uses are thoroughly discussed.
Keywords: vanadium; ferrovanadium; ore processing; consolidation; fabrication; alloys; superconductivity; fusion reactors; batteries